Tiempo subjetivo y tiempo objetivo Sobre la duración, el intervalo, la ventana del presente, la cronofenomenología, el proceso pautado, el devenir y los relojes
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
“En ti, alma mía, mido el tiempo”; este famoso aserto de San Agustín (354–430) antecede y a la vez refleja la tradición filosófica occidental según la cual el tiempo es una construcción del ser o del self, es decir, de la autoconsciencia. Esta concepción parece idealista en el sentido de que sólo el espíritu, el alma o la mente tienen la clave para percibir, sentir o calcular el tiempo, pero es posible darle una interpretación naturalista cuando reparamos que la propiocepción, la interocepción y la percepción del propio cuerpo vivo y actuante son procesos intrínsecamente temporales. De hecho, todos los eventos fisiológicos, como el latido cardiaco y el ciclo respiratorio, ocurren en una estela de tiempo que es captada y procesada por el cerebro, el órgano gestor que, provisto de múltiples relojes acolplados, engendra a la consciencia gracias a sus funciones temporales en danza con el mundo.
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Abell, P. (1993). Some aspects of the narrative method. Journal of Mathematical Sociology,18, 93–134.
Aguilar-Roblero, R. (1993). Teorías básicas de los ritmos biológicos. Psiquis, 6, 121–132.
Alexander, S. (1920). Space, Time, and Deity. Macmillan & Co Ltd.
Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford University Press.
Becker, E-M. (2017). The Birth of Christian History: Memory and Time from Mark to Luke-Acts. Yale University Press.
Bejan, A. (2014). Maxwell's Demons Everywhere: Evolving Design as the Arrow of Time. Scientific Reports, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04017
Bergson, H. (2006). Materia y Memoria. Ensayo de la relación del cuerpo con el espíritu (P. Ires , Trad.). Cactus.
Block, R. A. (1989). Experimentar y recordar el tiempo: posibilidades, contexto y cognición. En I. Levin, & D. Zakay. Tiempo y cognición humana: una perspectiva del ciclo vital (pp. 333–361). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)61046-8
Borges, J. L. (1975). Nueva refutación del tiempo. En Obras Completas (pp. 757–772). Emecé Editores.
Broad, C. D. (1925). The Mind and Its Place in Nature. Kegan Paul.
Brown, J. W. (1991). Self and process. Brain states and the conscious present. Springer Verlag.
Bueti, D., & Walsh, V. (2009). The parietal cortex and the representation of time, space, number and other magnitudes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1831–1840. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0028
Buhusi, C. V. (2020). Episodic time in the brain: A new world order. Learning & Behavior, 48(2), 189–190. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-019-00379-4
Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2005). What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(10), 755–765. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1764
Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2009a). Relative time sharing: new findings and an extension of the resource allocation model of temporal processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1875–1885. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0022
Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2009b). Relativity Theory and Time Perception: Single or Multiple Clocks? PLoS ONE, 4(7), e6268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006268
Church, R. M. (1984). Properties of the Internal Clock. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 423(1), 566–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb23459.x
Clark, A. (1997). Being There: Putting brain, body and world together again. MIT Press.
Clark, A. (1998). Time and Mind. The Journal of Philosophy, 95(7), 354. https://doi.org/10.2307/2564539
Cooperrider, K. (2026). Time Tools. Topics in Cognitive Science, 18(1), 147–168.
Correa, A, Lupiáñez, & J., Tudela (2006). La percepción del tiempo: Una revisión desde la Neurociencia cognitiva. Cognitiva, 18(2), 145–168.
Coveney, P., & Highfield, R. (1992). La flecha del tiempo. Plaza & Janes.
Dainton, B. (2024). Temporal Consciousness. En E. N. Zalta, & U. Nodelman (Eds.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2024 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/consciousness-temporal/
David, R. (1994) Petri nets for modeling of dynamic systems - a survey. Automatica, 30, 175–202.
Del Popolo Cristaldi, F., Micillo, L., Cellini, N., & Mioni, G. (2025). In the heart of time: investigating the link between cardiac activity and interoception in explicit and implicit timing. Physiology & Behavior, 301, 115072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115072
Deleuze, G (1987). El Bergsonismo (L. F. Carracedo, Trad.). Ediciones Catédra.
Díaz, J. L. (1996). The stream revisited: a process model of phenomenological consciousness. En S.R. Hameroff, A. W. Kaszniak, A. C. Scott (Eds.). Toward a Science of Consciousness Cambridge (pp. 713–724). MIT Press.
Díaz, J. (1997). A patterned process approach to brain, consciousness, and behavior. Philosophical Psychology, 10(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089708573214
Díaz, J. L. (2007a). La consciencia viviente. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Díaz, J. L. (2007b). The game of life: ten precepts and a patterned process. Ludus Vitalis, 15(28), 21–43.
Díaz, J. L. (2009). Persona, mente y memoria. Salud Mental, 32(6), 513–526.
Díaz, J. L. (2011). Cronofenomenología: el tiempo subjetivo y el reloj elástico. Salud Mental, 34(4), 379–389.
Díaz, J. (2013). A narrative method for consciousness research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7.
Díaz Gómez, J. L. (2022). Neurofilosofía del yo. Autoconsciencia e identidad. Bonilla Artigas y UNAM.
Díaz Gómez, J.L. (2024a). El enredo mente-cuerpo. Asociación Psiquiátric Mexicana.
Díaz Gómez, J. L. (2024b). Las furtivas, flexibles y feraces huellas del tiempo vivido. Sobre la memoria personal y la colectiva, el recuerdo y la nostalgia, el engrama y el hipocampo, la autobiografía, la consciencia autonoética y la identidad. Mente y Cultura, 5(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17711/myc.2683-3018.2024.001
Eagleman, D. M. (2008). Human time perception and its illusions. Current Opinion In Neurobiology, 18(2), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.002
Eagleman, D. M., Tse, P. U., Buonomano, D., Janssen, P., Nobre, A. C., & Holcombe, A. O. (2005). Time and the Brain: How Subjective Time Relates to Neural Time. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(45), 10369–10371.
Eddington, A. S. (1928). The nature of the physical world. The Macmillan company, The University Press.
Eichenbaum, H. (2013). Memory on time. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.007
Eichenbaum, H. (2014). Time cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(11), 732–744. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3827
Escalante, E. (2009). El instante versus la duración. La clave del tiempo en La estación violenta de Octavio Paz. Círculo de Poesía. https://circulodepoesia.com/2009/10/el-instante-versus-la-duracion-la-clave-del-tiempo-en-la-estacion-violenta-de-octavio-paz/
Fernández Guardiola, A. (1998). El concepto del tiempo. En R. de la Fuente, F.J. Álvarez-Leffmans (Eds.). Biología de la Mente (pp. 307–329). Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Ferreira, V. F. M., Paiva, G. P., Prando, N., Graça, C. R., & Kouyoumdjian, J. A. (2016). Time perception and age. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 74(4), 299–302. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20160025
Fisher, D. C. (1994). Stratocladistics: Morphological and temporal patterns and their relation to phylogenetic process. En L. Grande, & O. Rieppel (Eds.). Interpreting the hierarchy of nature. Academic Press.
Fraisse, P. (1984). Perception and estimation of time. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 1–36.
Gallagher S. (2017). The past, present and future of time-consciousness: From Husserl to Varela and beyond. Constructivist Foundations, 13(1), 91–97.
Gastelum, M. (2020). Scale Matters: Temporality in the Perception of Affordances. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01188
Gibbon, J., & Allan, L. (Eds.) (1984). Timing and time perception (Volumen 432). New York Academy of Sciences.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Houghton Mifflin.
Gilden, D. L., Thornton, T., & Mallon, M. W. (1995). 1/ f Noise in Human Cognition. Science, 267(5205), 1837–1839. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7892611
González, F., & Azzollini, S. (2009). El tiempo psicológico y sus distorsiones. http://knol.google.com/k/federico-gonzalez/el-tiempo-psicológico-y-sus/1lpuycm3t2lm3/12
Grande, L., & Rieppel, O. (1994). Interpreting the hierarchy of nature. From systematic patterns to evolutionary process theories. Academic Press.
Grush, R. (2007). Time and Experience. En T. Müller (Ed.). Philosophie der Zeit: Neue Analytische Ansätze (pp. 27–44). Klostermann.
Haimerl, C., Rodrigues, F. S., & Paton, J. J. (2025). Time, Control, and the Nervous System. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 48(1), 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-112723-025348
Haken, H. (1977). Some Aspects of Synergetics. En H. Haken (Ed.). Synergetics.Springer Series in Synergetics (vol 2). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66784-8_1
Hamilton, T. H. (1967). Process and pattern in evolution. MacMillan.
Hayashi, M. J., & Ivry, R. B. (2020). Duration Selectivity in Right Parietal Cortex Reflects the Subjective Experience of Time. The Journal of Neuroscience, 40(40), 7749–7758. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0078-20.2020
Healy, K., McNally, L., Ruxton, G. D., Cooper, N., & Jackson, A. L. (2013). Metabolic rate and body size are linked with perception of temporal information. Animal Behaviour, 86(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.06.018
Hoerl, C., & McCormack, T. (Eds.) (2001). Time and Memory: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology. Clarendon Press.
Hunt, A. R., Chapman, C. S., & Kingstone, A. (2008). Taking a long look at action and time perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.1.125
Husserl, E. (1991). On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893-1917). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Ingold, T. (2012). Ambientes para la vida. Conversaciones sobre humanidad, conocimiento y antropología. Ediciones Trilce.
James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology, Henry Holt.
Jones, M. R., & Boltz, M. (1989). Dynamic attending and responses to time. Psychological Review, 96(3), 459–491. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.459
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995). Dynamic Patterns. The self organization of brain and behavior. MIT Press.
Koch, G., Oliveri, M., & Caltagirone, C. (2009). Neural networks engaged in milliseconds and seconds time processing: evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation and patients with cortical or subcortical dysfunction. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1907-1918. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0018
Konishi, M. (2010). From central pattern generator to sensory template in the evolution of birdsong. Brain and Language, 115(1), 18–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2010.05.001
Kornhauser, S., Díaz, J. L., & Fernández-Guardiola, A. (1970). Magnitud del cálculo de un intervalo de tiempo y frecuencia cardiaca. XIII Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Morelia, México.
Kotler, S., Mannino, M., Kelso, S., & Huskey, R. (2022). Corrigendum to “First few seconds for flow: A comprehensive proposal of the neurobiology and neurodynamics of state onset” [Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 143 (2022)]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 147, 105086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105086
Laeng, B., & Hofseth, A. (2019). Where Are the Months? Mental Images of Circular Time in a Large Online Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02634
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic Books.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2009). Metáforas de la vida cotidiana. Cátedra.
Lakoff, G., & Nuñez, R. (2000). Where the mathematics come from? Basic Books.
Le Poidevin, R. L. (2004). A Puzzle Concerning Time Perception. Synthese, 142(1), 109–142. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:synt.0000047710.71824.b1
Le Poidevin, R. (2007). The Images of Time: An Essay on Temporal Representation, Oxford University Press.
Lee, G. (2014). Temporal Experience and the Temporal Structure of Experience. Philosopher’s Imprint, 14. Artículo 3.
Libet, B. (2004). Mind time. The temporal factor in consciousness. Harvard University Press.
Libet, B. (2006). Reflections on the interaction of the mind and brain. Progress in Neurobiology, 78(3–5), 322–326.
Lieb, I. C. (1991). Past, Present, and Future. A Philosophical Essay About Time. University of Illinois Press.
Machado, A. (1982). Juan de Mairena. Espasa-Calpe (original de 1936).
Mauk, M. D., & Buonomano, D. V. (2004). The neural basis of temporal processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 27(1), 307–340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144247
Meck, W. H. (Ed.) (2003). Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Internal Timing. CRC Press.
Mellor, D. H. (1998). Real Time II, Routledge.
Mercado López, C., & Díaz Muñoz, M. (2011) Tic-tac biológico: ¿Cómo medimos el tiempo? Revista Digital Universitaria, 12(3). http://www.revista.unam.mx/vol.12/num3/art25/art25.pdf
Merchant, H., Harrington, D. L., & Meck, W. H. (2013). Neural Basis of the Perception and Estimation of Time. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 36(1), 313–336.
Merchant, H., Zarco, W., Pérez, O., Bartolo, R., Méndez, J. C., Mendoza, G., Gámez, J. y Prado, L. (2012). Midiendo el paso del tiempo con varios cronómetros neuronales. En P. Rudomín, & R. Romo (Eds.). Propiedades emergentes de redes neuronales, su relevancia en procesos motores y cognitivos y en el desarrollo de la consciencia (pp. 51–81). El Colegio Nacional.
Merchant, H., Zarco, W., Pérez, O., Prado, L., & Bartolo, R. (2011). Measuring time with different neural chronometers during a synchronization-continuation task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(49), 19784–19789. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112933108
Minkowski, E. (1973). El tiempo vivido. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Monteiro, T., Rodrigues, F. S., Pexirra, M., Cruz, B. F., Gonçalves, A. I., Rueda-Orozco, P. E., & Paton, J. J. (2023). Using temperature to analyze the neural basis of a time-based decision. Nature neuroscience, 26(8), 1407–1416. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01378-5
Montemayor, C. (2013). Minding Time: A Philosophical and Theoretical Approach to the Psychology of Time. Brill.
Montes-Partida, M., & López-Mellado, E. (2025). Identification and Assessment of Timed Petri Nets. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, 22, 23745–23756. https://doi.org/10.1109/tase.2025.3628546
Morales Pineda, N. D. (2024). El tiempo y la eternidad en la obra de Jorge Luis Borges. [Tesis de licenciatura en filosofía, Facultad de Filosfía y Letras, UNAM].
Nobre, A. K., & Coull, J. (Eds.) (2010). Attention and Time. Oxford University Press.
Northoff, G. (2015). Slow cortical potentials and “inner time consciousness” — A neuro-phenomenal hypothesis about the “width of present”. International Journal Of Psychophysiology, 103, 174–184.
Núñez Pradenas, R. (2013). Tiempo corporeizado y la flecha temporal. Cuadernos de Filosofía de la Universidad de Concepción, 30-31(2012-2013), 38–53.
Núñez Pradenas, R. (2018). La noción de tiempo en la ciencia actual y su relación con la causación: Aspectos metafísicos, epistemológicos y antropomórficos. [Tesis de posgrado. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación].
Núñez, R., & Cooperrider, K. (2013). The tangle of space and time in human cognition. Trends In Cognitive Sciences, 17(5), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.03.008
Ornstein, R. E. (1969). On the Experience of Time. Penguin.
Parvizi-Wayne, D., Sandved-Smith, L., Pitliya, R.J., Limanowski, J., Tufft, M. R. A., & Friston, K. J. (2024) Forgetting ourselves in flow: an active inference account of flow states and how we experience ourselves within them. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1456438
Paton, J. J., & Buonomano, D. V. (2018). The Neural Basis of Timing: Distributed Mechanisms for Diverse Functions. Neuron, 98(4), 687–705.
Patton, A. P., Chesham, J. E., & Hastings, M. H. (2016). Combined Pharmacological and Genetic Manipulations Unlock Unprecedented Temporal Elasticity and Reveal Phase-Specific Modulation of the Molecular Circadian Clock of the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(36), 9326–9341. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0958-16.2016
Pérez-Rincón, H. (1994). La anticipación. Fenomenología y clínica. Salud Mental, 17(3), 53–58.
Phillips, I. (2014). The temporal structure of experience. En D. Lloyd, & V. Arstila (Eds.). Subjective Time: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Temporality Cambridge. MIT Press.
Pöppel, E. (1978). Time Perception. En R. Held, H. W. Leibowitz, H. L. Teuber, (Eds.). Perception. Handbook of Sensory Physiology (vol 8). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46354-9_23
Pöppel, E. (1988). Mindworks. Time and conscious experience. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Pöppel, E. (2009). Pre-semantically defined temporal windows for cognitive processing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1887–1896. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0015
Posner, M. I. (1978). Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum.
Posner, M. I. (2012). Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention. Guilford.
Rammsayer, T. H. (1999). On dopaminergic modulation of temporal information processing. Biological Psychology, 36(3), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(93)90018-4
Rao, S. M., Mayer, A. R., & Harrington, D. L. (2001). The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing. Nature Neuroscience, 4(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/85191
Rescher, N. (1996). Process Metaphysics: An Introduction to Process Philosophy. SUNY Press.
Ricoeur, P. (1999). Tiempo y narración. III: El tiempo narrado. Siglo XXI.
Robbe, D. (2023). Lost in time: Relocating the perception of duration outside the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 153, 105312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105312
Russell, B. (1915). On the Experience of Time. The Monist, 25(2), 212–233.
Stetson, C., Fiesta, M. P., & Eagleman, D. M. (2007). Does Time Really Slow Down during a Frightening Event? PLoS ONE, 2(12), e1295. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001295
Turner, F., & Poppel, E. (1988). Metered Poetry, the Brain, and Time. En (I. Rentschler, B. Herzberger, & D. Epstein (Eds.). Beauty and the Brain. Birkhauser.
Varela, F. J. (1999). The specious present: a neurophenomenology of time consciousness. En J. Petitot, F. J. Varela, B. Pachoud, & J.-M. Roy (Eds.). Naturalizing Phenomenology: Issues in Contemporary Phenomenology and Cognitive Science (pp. 266–314). Stanford University Press.
Vargas, E., Canales-Johnson, A., & Fuentes B., C. (2013). Francisco Varela’s neurophenomenology of time: temporality of consciousness explained? Actas Españolas De Psiquiatría, 41(4), 253–262. https://actaspsiquiatria.es/index.php/actas/article/view/824
Vicente, R., Rizzuto, M., Sarica, C., Yamamoto, K., Sadr, M., Khajuria, T., Fatehi, M., Moien-Afshari, F., Haw, C. S., Llinas, R. R., Lozano, A. M., Neimat, J. S., & Zemmar, A. (2022). Enhanced Interplay of Neuronal Coherence and Coupling in the Dying Human Brain. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.813531
Voss, R. F., Clarke, J. (1975). ‘1/f noise’ in music and speech. Nature, 258, 317–318.
Walsh, W. H. (1967). Kant on the Perception of Time. The Monist, 51(3), 376–396. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902039
Wang, L., Lin, X., Zhou, B., Pöppel, E., & Bao, Y. (2015). Subjective present: a window of temporal integration indexed by mismatch negativity. Cognitive Processing, 16(S1), 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-015-0687-8
Whitehead, A. N. (1956). Proceso y Realidad (R. Armengol, Trad.). Editorial Losada.
Wildgen, W. (1994). Process, image, and meaning. John Benjamins.
Wittmann, M. (2009). The inner experience of time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1955–1967. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0003
Wittmann, M. (2018). Altered states of consciousness: Experiences out of time and self. MIT Press.
Wittmann, M., & Lehnhoff, S. (2005). Age Effects in Perception of Time. Psychological Reports, 97(3), 921–935. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.3.921-935
Wittmann, M., & van Wassenhove, V. (2009). The experience of time: neural mechanisms and the interplay of emotion, cognition and embodiment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1809–1813. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0025
Wittmann, M. (2013). The inner sense of time: how the brain creates a representation of duration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(3), 217–223.
Xirau, R. (1985). Tiempo vivido. Acerca de “estar”. Siglo XXI.
Yan, C., Wang, H., Jiang, X., & Wang, Z. (2025). Attention modulates subjective time perception across eye movements. Vision Research, 227, 108540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2025.108540
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.